Mole: Amount of substance containing same number of particles as there are atoms in exactly 12g of Carbon-12.
Avogadro’s Number (Nₐ): 6.022 × 10²³ particles per mole
“6022 PARTY” – Remember 6.022 like “6 oh two two” having a party with 10²³ guests!
STP Values: “Zero-One-Twenty Two Four” (0°C, 1 atm, 22.4 L/mol)
Mass of reactants = Mass of products (Total mass remains constant)
Percentage Composition: (Mass of element / Mass of compound) × 100
Empirical Formula: Simplest whole number ratio of atoms
Molecular Formula: (Empirical formula)ₙ where n = Molar mass / Empirical formula mass
Theoretical Yield: Calculated from limiting reactant
Actual Yield: Experimentally obtained (always less than theoretical)
Think of limiting reactant like making sandwiches:
2 bread slices + 1 cheese slice → 1 sandwich
If you have 10 bread slices but only 3 cheese slices, cheese is limiting reactant → only 3 sandwiches possible!
| Gas Law | Formula | Constant Parameter | Application |
|---|---|---|---|
| Boyle’s Law | P₁V₁ = P₂V₂ | Temperature | Pressure-Volume relationship |
| Charles’s Law | V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂ | Pressure | Volume-Temperature relationship |
| Avogadro’s Law | V ∝ n | T & P | Volume-Moles relationship |
| Ideal Gas Law | PV = nRT | R = 0.0821 L·atm/mol·K | General gas equation |
STP (Standard Temperature & Pressure): 0°C (273K), 1 atm, 22.4 L/mol
RTP (Room Temperature & Pressure): 25°C (298K), 1 atm, 24.5 L/mol
For Gas Laws: “Please Visit Newton’s Room Today” → PV = nRT
For STP: “Zero One Twenty-Two Four” → 0°C, 1 atm, 22.4 L/mol
Avogadro’s Number: “Six Point Oh Two Two Times Ten to Twenty-Three”
Green = Formulas to memorize
Blue = Definitions & Concepts
Red = Exceptions & Important points
Yellow = NMDAT frequently asked
Associate each concept with a room in your house:
Living Room: Mole Concept (big central concept)
Kitchen: Stoichiometry (mixing ingredients)
Bedroom: Gas Laws (air/atmosphere)
Bathroom: Limiting Reactant (what runs out first)