Chapter 11: Nitrogen and Sulfur – Solved Exercise for Federal Board Islamabad
Find detailed solutions to Chapter 11: Nitrogen and Sulfur exercises for Federal Board Islamabad students. Includes Haber process, ammonia production, sulfur properties, and more!
Chapter 11: Nitrogen and Sulfur
1. Ammonia Production and the Haber Process
(a) Hydrogen Production:
Hydrogen is produced by reacting methane with steam in the presence of a catalyst, yielding hydrogen and carbon monoxide.
(b) Reaction Equation for the Haber Process:
N2(g)+3H2(g)⇌k=350−450∘C,200atmIronCatalyst2NH3(g)N_2 (g) + 3H_2 (g) \xrightleftharpoons[k=350-450^\circ C, 200 atm]{Iron Catalyst} 2NH_3 (g)
(c) Conditions Necessary for Efficient Working of Haber Process:
- Temperature: 400–450°C
- Pressure: 200 atm
- Catalyst: Finely divided iron with promoters like K₂O and Al₂O₃
2. Composition of Exhaust Gases
(a) CO₂ Contribution:
Carbon dioxide (CO₂) contributes to about 10% of the exhaust gas composition.
(b) Water Vapor in Exhaust Gas:
Water vapor is omitted from the exhaust composition as it condenses upon cooling.
(c) Significance of Nitrogen in Exhaust Gas:
Nitrogen is unreacted air that passes through the engine without reacting.
3. Ammonium Hydroxide and Ammonium Salts
(a) Ammonium Hydroxide:
Ammonium hydroxide is a weak base used in household cleaners.
(b) Ammonium Salts:
These salts are used as fertilizers due to their high nitrogen content.
4. Safety of Ammonia Use
Ammonia is highly hazardous as it is toxic, corrosive, and can irritate skin and respiratory tracts. Proper safety measures are necessary for its handling.
Chapter 12: Sulfur
5. Properties and Uses of Sulfur and Its Compounds
(a) Sulfur and Organic Products:
Sulfur is used in manufacturing rubber, fertilizers, and sulfuric acid.
(b) Sulfuric Acid Reactions:
(i) With Water: Produces heat due to exothermic reaction.
(ii) With Sugar: Causes dehydration to form carbon.
6. Reducing Agent Behavior of Sulfur
Sulfur dioxide acts as a reducing agent, especially in reactions with oxidizing agents like chlorine.
7. Environmental Concerns:
Sulfur emissions contribute to acid rain, harming ecosystems and infrastructure.
