MDCAT

Hydrogen Bonding MCQs with Answers & Explanations MDCAT practice

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1. Which of the following best explains why HF has a higher boiling point than HCl, despite HCl having a higher molecular weight?

A) HF has stronger London dispersion forces.
B) HF forms extensive hydrogen bonding, whereas HCl does not.
C) HCl is more polar than HF.
D) HF has a lower dipole moment than HCl.

Answer: B
Explanation: HF exhibits strong hydrogen bonding due to the high electronegativity of fluorine and the small size of hydrogen, leading to stronger intermolecular forces than HCl (which only has dipole-dipole interactions). London forces (A) are weaker in HF compared to HCl, but H-bonding dominates. Polarity (C) and dipole moment (D) are not the primary reasons for the boiling point difference.

2. In which of the following pairs is hydrogen bonding NOT possible?

A) H₂O and CH₃OH
B) NH₃ and CH₃NH₂
C) CH₄ and H₂
D) HF and HCOOH

Answer: C
Explanation: Hydrogen bonding requires a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to F, O, or N and a lone pair on another electronegative atom. CH₄ (methane) and H₂ lack both conditions, so no H-bonding occurs. All other options involve at least one H-bond donor (H attached to F/O/N) and acceptor (lone pair on F/O/N).

3. Why does formic acid (HCOOH) dimerize in the vapor phase, whereas acetic acid (CH₃COOH) forms longer chains?

A) Formic acid has stronger covalent bonds.
B) Steric hindrance in acetic acid prevents cyclic dimer formation.
C) Acetic acid has weaker hydrogen bonds.
D) Formic acid lacks a methyl group, allowing symmetric dimerization.

Answer: D
Explanation: Formic acid forms a cyclic dimer via two H-bonds, while acetic acid’s bulky methyl group disrupts this symmetry, leading to linear polymeric chains. Steric hindrance (B) is a factor, but the key difference is the absence of the methyl group in formic acid (D).

4. Which of the following has the highest strength of hydrogen bonding?

A) O–H···O (in water)
B) N–H···N (in ammonia)
C) F–H···F (in HF)
D) O–H···N (in water-ammonia mixtures)

Answer: C
Explanation: F–H···F is the strongest because fluorine is the most electronegative, creating the highest polarity and shortest bond length. The order of H-bond strength is typically F–H···F > O–H···O > N–H···N.

5. Ice floats on water because:

A) Hydrogen bonds in ice break upon melting.
B) Ice has a lower density due to an open hexagonal lattice stabilized by H-bonds.
C) Water molecules expand upon freezing.
D) Covalent bonds in ice are weaker than in liquid water.

Answer: B
Explanation: Ice has a hexagonal structure with H-bonds holding molecules farther apart than in liquid water, reducing density. (A) is incorrect because H-bonds persist in liquid water (but are more dynamic). (C) is partially true but not the primary reason. (D) is false—covalent bonds remain unchanged.

6. Which compound shows intramolecular hydrogen bonding?

A) Ethanol (C₂H₅OH)
B) Ortho-nitrophenol
C) Para-nitrophenol
D) Glycerol

Answer: B
Explanation: Ortho-nitrophenol forms an intramolecular H-bond between the –OH and –NO₂ groups, preventing intermolecular bonding. Para-nitrophenol (C) forms intermolecular H-bonds, while ethanol (A) and glycerol (D) only exhibit intermolecular H-bonding.

7. Why does NH₃ have a lower boiling point than H₂O despite both having hydrogen bonding?

A) NH₃ has weaker H-bonds due to lower electronegativity of N.
B) Water forms two H-bonds per molecule, while NH₃ forms only one.
C) NH₃ is lighter than H₂O.
D) Water has a bent structure, enhancing H-bonding.

Answer: A & D (Both are correct, but A is more fundamental)
Explanation: The electronegativity difference (O > N) makes O–H···O bonds stronger than N–H···N. Additionally, water’s bent structure allows for two H-bonds per molecule, whereas NH₃ forms only one. (C) is irrelevant because molecular weight is secondary to H-bond strength.

Logical Reasoning: Cause and Effect – Tips, Tricks, and Strategies

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Introduction to Cause and Effect in Logical Reasoning

Cause and Effect is a crucial part of logical reasoning where two statements are given, and you must determine the relationship between them. The goal is to identify whether:

  1. The first statement is the cause, and the second is the effect.
  2. The second statement is the cause, and the first is the effect.
  3. Both statements are independent causes of a common effect.
  4. The two statements are effects of independent causes.
  5. The two statements are related but not directly cause-effect.

Key Concepts & Definitions

  • Cause: The reason or action that leads to a result.
  • Effect: The outcome or consequence of a cause.
  • Independent Causes: Two separate events that lead to a common outcome.
  • Effects of Independent Causes: Two results that arise from different causes.

Tips & Tricks to Solve Cause-Effect Questions

1. Identify the Chronological Order

  • The cause must always precede the effect.
  • Example:
  • Statement 1: It rained heavily.
  • Statement 2: The streets were flooded.
  • Analysis: Raining (cause) happened before flooding (effect).

2. Check for Direct Relationship

  • Ask: “Does Statement 1 logically lead to Statement 2?”
  • Example:
  • Statement 1: The company increased salaries.
  • Statement 2: Employee productivity improved.
  • Analysis: Higher salaries (cause) can lead to better productivity (effect).

3. Look for Independent Causes

  • If both statements seem like causes but lead to a common effect, they are independent.
  • Example:
  • Statement 1: The government imposed a tax on luxury goods.
  • Statement 2: Inflation rates increased.
  • Analysis: Both could independently affect the economy, but neither directly causes the other.

4. Check for Effects of Independent Causes

  • If both statements seem like effects but don’t influence each other, they may arise from different causes.
  • Example:
  • Statement 1: Car sales dropped.
  • Statement 2: Air pollution levels decreased.
  • Analysis: Both could be effects of different causes (e.g., economic recession and stricter environmental laws).

5. Eliminate Illogical Connections

  • If no clear cause-effect relationship exists, the statements may be unrelated.

Sample Questions with Explanations

Question 1

Statements:

  1. The government increased fuel prices.
  2. People started using public transport more frequently.

Options:
A) Statement 1 is the cause, and statement 2 is the effect.
B) Statement 2 is the cause, and statement 1 is the effect.
C) Both statements are independent causes.
D) Both statements are effects of independent causes.

Answer: A
Explanation: Higher fuel prices (cause) lead to increased public transport usage (effect).

Question 2

Statements:

  1. The school introduced a new coding curriculum.
  2. Students’ interest in computer science increased.

Options:
A) Statement 1 is the cause, and statement 2 is the effect.
B) Statement 2 is the cause, and statement 1 is the effect.
C) Both statements are independent causes.
D) Both statements are effects of independent causes.

Answer: A
Explanation: Introducing coding (cause) leads to increased interest in CS (effect).

Question 3

Statements:

  1. The company laid off many employees.
  2. The company’s stock prices fell sharply.

Options:
A) Statement 1 is the cause, and statement 2 is the effect.
B) Statement 2 is the cause, and statement 1 is the effect.
C) Both statements are independent causes.
D) Both statements are effects of independent causes.

Answer: A
Explanation: Layoffs (cause) can lead to a drop in stock prices (effect).

Final Strategies for Exams

✅ Read Carefully: Misinterpreting statements leads to wrong answers.
✅ Apply the “Because” Test: Insert “because” between statements to check logic.
✅ Avoid Assumptions: Stick to given information; don’t add outside knowledge.
✅ Practice Regularly: Solve multiple questions to recognize patterns.

Symbol Series logical reasoning entry test exams

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  1. Question:
    Sequence: ▲ → ▶ → ▼ → ?
    (A) ◀
    (B) ▲
    (C) ▶
    (D) ▼
    Answer: (A) ◀
  2. Question:
    Sequence: Question:
    %%, %%%,? (A) % (B) %%% (C) %%%% (D) %% Answer: (B) %%%%
  3. Question:
    Sequence: ★ → ↶ ★ →★→ ↶★ → ?
    (A) ↷ ★
    (B) ↶ ★
    (C) ↶★
    (D) ★
    Answer: (D) ★
  4. Question:
    Sequence: ◼▲ → ◻▲ → ?
    (A) ◼▲
    (B) ◻△
    (C) ◼△
    (D) ◼▲
    Answer: (B)

  5. Question:
    Sequence: 🔺, ⚪ → 🔺🔺, ⚪ → 🔺🔺🔺, ⚪ → ?
    (A) 🔺🔺🔺🔺, ⚪
    (B) 🔺, ⚪⚪
    (C) 🔺🔺🔺🔺,⚪
    (D) ⚪, 🔺
    Answer: (C) 🔺🔺🔺🔺, ⚪

  6. Question:

    Sequence:  ◾ → ◼ → ?
    (A) ⬛
    (B) ◾
    (C) ◼
    (D) ◻
    Answer: (A) ⬛

  7. Question:

    Sequence: ♦ → ◇ → ?
    (A) ◇
    (B) ♦
    (C) ◊
    (D) ◇
    Answer: (B) ♦


  • Question:

    Sequence: ◼ → ◻ → ◼ → ?
    (A) ◻
    (B) ◼
    (C) ◾
    (D) ◼
    Answer: (A) ◻

  1. Question:

    Sequence: ★ (5 points) → ↧ ★ (6 points) → ★ (7 points) → ?
    (A) ↧ ★ (5 points)
    (B) ★ (8 points)
    (C) ↧ ★ (8 points)
    (D) ★ (6 points)
    Answer: (C) ↧ ★ (8 points)

  2. Question:
    Sequence: 🌓 → 🌗 → 🌘 → ?
    (A) 🌔
    (B) 🌒
    (C) 🌕
    (D) 🌓
    Answer: (B) 🌒

  3. Question:
    Sequence: 🔺 → 🔻⚫ → 🔺⚫⚫ → ?
    (A) 🔻⚫⚫⚫
    (B) 🔺⚫
    (C) 🔻⚫
    (D) 🔻⚫⚫
    Answer: (A) 🔻⚫⚫⚫

  4. Question:
    A triangle alternates between three colors while flipping horizontally.
    Sequence: 🔺 → 🔻 → 🔺 → ?
    (A) 🔻
    (B) 🔺
    (C) 🔻
    (D) 🔺
    Answer: (A) 🔻
  5. Question:
    A star changes direction while decreasing in points.
    Sequence: ★ → ↻ ★ (4 points) → ↻ ★ (3 points) → ?
    (A) ↻ ★ (5 points)
    (B) ★
    (C) ↻ ★ (2 points)
    (D) ↻ ★ (4 points)
    Answer: (C) ↻ ★ (2 points)

  6. Two shapes alternate positions and colors.
    Sequence: 🔵🔺 → 🔴🔻 → 🔵🔺 → ?
    (A) 🔵🔺
    (B) 🔴🔺
    (C) 🔴🔻
    (D) 🔵🔻
    Answer: (C) 🔴🔻

  7. Question:.
    Sequence: ◼ → ◼◻ → ◼◻◼ → ?
    (A) ◻
    (B) ◻◼
    (C) ◼◻
    (D) ◼◻◼◻
    Answer: (D) ◼◻◼◻
  8. Question:
    Sequence: ⚫🔺 → ⚪🔻 → ⚫🔺 → ?
    (A) ⚪🔺
    (B) ⚪🔻
    (C) ⚫🔻
    (D) ⚪🔺
    Answer: (B) ⚪🔻
  9. A symbol rotates 90° clockwise in each step. The starting position is as shown below:

🔺 (a triangle pointing upwards)

What will the symbol look like in the 4th step?
Options:
A) 🔺 (upwards triangle)
B) 🔻 (downwards triangle)
C) ◀(leftwards triangle)
D) ▶ (rightwards triangle)

Answer:
A) 🔺 (upwards triangle)

18. A square rotates 45° anticlockwise in each step. The starting position is as shown below:

    ◻ (square with edges aligned horizontally and vertically)

    What will the square look like after 3 steps?
    Options:
    A) ◻ (aligned square)
    B) ⬛ (square tilted by 45°)
    C) ◇ (diamond-shaped square)
    D) ⬜ (horizontally stretched square)

    Answer:
    C) ◇ (diamond-shaped square)

    19. A pentagon rotates 72° clockwise in each step. What will the symbol’s orientation be after 5 steps?
    Options:
    A) Same as the original
    B) Rotated 144° clockwise
    C) Rotated 288° clockwise
    D) Rotated 180° clockwise

      Answer:
      A) Same as the original

      20. A star rotates 60° anticlockwise in each step. What will its orientation be after 6 steps?
      Options:
      A) Same as the original
      B) Rotated 120° anticlockwise
      C) Rotated 240° anticlockwise
      D) Rotated 300° anticlockwise

      Answer:
      A) Same as the original

      1. Question:
        Sequence: ◼ → ◼ ◻ → ◼ ◻ ◻ → ?
        (A) ◼ ◻ ◻ ◻
        (B) ◼
        (C) ◼ ◻
        (D) ◻
        Answer: (A) ◼ ◻ ◻ ◻
        Explanation: Each step adds a new small square to the sequence.
      2. Question:
        Sequence: ▭ → ▮ → ▭ → ?
        (A) ▮
        (B) ▭
        (C) ▮
        (D) ▭
        Answer: (A) ▮
        Question:
      3. Question:
        Sequence: →, ↓, ←, ?
        (A) ↑
        (B) →
        (C) ↓
        (D) ←
        Answer: (A) ↑
        Explanation: The arrow rotates 90° clockwise in each step.
      1. Question:
        Sequence: ↓, →, ↑, ?
        (A) →
        (B) ↑
        (C) ←
        (D) ↓
        Answer: (C) ←
        Explanation: The arrow rotates 90° counterclockwise in each step.
      2. Question:
        Sequence: →, ↘, ↓, ↙, ?
        (A) ←
        (B) ↖
        (C) ↑
        (D) ↗
        Answer: (A) ←
        Explanation: The arrow rotates 45° counterclockwise in each step.
      3. Question:
        Sequence: →, →→, →→→, ?
        (A) →
        (B) →→→→
        (C) →→
        (D) →→→→→
        Answer: (B) →→→→
      4. Question:
        Sequence: ↑, ↑↑, ↑↑↑, ?
        (A) ↑↑↑
        (B) ↑↑
        (C) ↑↑↑↑
        (D) ↑
        Answer: (C) ↑↑↑↑
      5. Question

      Step 1: ●
      Step 2: ●●
      Step 3: ●●●
      Step 4: ?

      What will Step 4 contain?
      Options:
      A) ●●●●
      B) ●●
      C) ●●●●●
      D) ●●●

      Answer:
      A) ●●●●
      Explanation: The number of dots increases by 1 in each step, so Step 4 will have 4 dots.

      29. In a sequence: 🔵, 🔴, 🔵, 🔴, 🔵. What will be the 8th symbol?
      Options:
      A) 🔵
      B) 🔴
      C) 🔺
      D) 🔷

      Answer:
      B) 🔴
      Explanation: The sequence alternates between 🔵 and 🔴. The 8th symbol is so it will be 🔴.

      30. In a sequence 1$, 3*, 5%?

      A) 7#

      B) 7$

      C) 7*

      D) 9*

      Answer: 7#

      31. Question

      2$, $4, 6$, ?

      1. 8$
      2. 10$
      3. $8
      4. $12

      Answer: C) $8

      32. Question

      11,$$,22,%%%,33,?

      a) 44

      b) &&&&

      c) &&&

      d) 55

      Answer: b) &&&&

      33. Find the missing element in the series:
      A#, C$, E%, G&, ?

        Options:
        A) I*
        B) H*
        C) J*
        D) K+

        Answer: A) I*

        34. Complete the series:
        M10#, P15$, S20%, V25&, ?

        Options:
        A) X30*
        B) Y30*
        C) Z30+
        D) Y35+

        Answer: B) Y30*

        35. Find the next symbol in the series:
        @, #, $, @, #, ?
        A) $
        B) @
        C) #
        D) %

        Answer: A) $

        36. Find the next symbol in the series:
        ♠, ♣, ♥, ♠, ♣, ?
        A) ♥
        B) ♠
        C) ♦
        D) ♣

        Answer: A) ♥

        37. Identify the missing symbol in the pattern:
        @, $, %, @, $, ?, @
        A) $
        B) @
        C) %
        D) &

        Answer: C) %

        38. What symbol comes next: *, $$, ***, $$$$, __?

        (a) *****
        (b) ****
        (c) ******
        (d) $$$$$$

        Answer : A) *****

        39. Question:

        5%,10%,15%,?

        1. 20%
        2. 25%
        3. 20$
        4. 20#

        40. 1,*,2,&&,3,%%%,4,?

        1. $$$
        2. $$$$$
        3. $$$$
        4. $$$$$$

        Answer: B) $$$$

        Logical Reasoning Word Series Practice Test 2

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        1. Number Series

        1. What comes next in the series: 2,4,6,8,10,_?
          a) 12
          b) 11
          c) 14
          d) 13
          Answer: a) 12
        2. Identify the next number: 1,4,9,16,_?
          a) 20
          b) 25
          c) 30
          d) 36
          Answer: b) 25 (Squares of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
        3. Complete the series: 2,5,10,17,_?
          a) 20
          b) 24
          c) 26
          d) 28
          Answer: c) 26 (+3, +5, +7, +9).
        4. What comes next in the series: 1,2,6,24,_?
          a) 48
          b) 60
          c) 120
          d) 144
          Answer: c) 120 (Factorial progression).
        5. Complete the series: 81,27,9,3,_?
          a) 1
          b) 0
          c) 2
          d) 1.5
          Answer: a) 1 (Divide by 3 each time).

        2. Alphabet Series

        1. What comes next in the series: A,D,G,J,_?
          a) K
          b) M
          c) N
          d) P
          Answer: b) M (Skipping two letters each time).
        2. Identify the missing letter: Z,X,V,T,_?
          a) Q
          b) S
          c) R
          d) U
          Answer: b) S (Reverse order, skipping one letter).
        3. What comes next: B,C,E,H,_?
          a) L
          b) K
          c) M
          d) N
          Answer: a) L (+1, +2, +3, +4).
        4. Complete the series: A,B,D,G,_?
          a) K
          b) L
          c) M
          d) H
          Answer: a) K (Skipping 0, 1, 2, 3 letters).
        5. Identify the next letter: M,N,P,S,_?
          a) W
          b) V
          c) T
          d) Z
          Answer: b) V (+1, +2, +3, +4).

        3. Alphanumeric Series

        1. What comes next: A1B,B2C,C3D,_?
          a) D4E
          b) E4D
          c) F5E
          d) D5E
          Answer: a) D4E (Alphabet and number progression).
        2. Identify the missing term: 2A,4B,6C,8D,_?

         a) 10E
        b) 10F
        c) 12F
        d) 12E
        Answer: a) 10E.

        1. Complete the series: A1,B2,C3,D4,_?
          a) E5
          b) E6
          c) F5
          d) G6
          Answer: a) E5.
        2. What comes next in the series: X1,Y2,Z3,_?
          a) X4
          b) A4
          c) A5
          d) B4
          Answer: b) A4.
        3. Complete the series: A2,C3,E5,G8,_?
          a) H13
          b) J10
          c) I11
          d) K12
          Answer: c) I11 (+1 letter, Fibonacci for numbers).

        4. Pattern Series

        1. What comes next in the series: AA,AB,BB,BC,_?

         a) CD
        b) CC
        c) CB
        d) BD
        Answer: b) CC.

        1. Complete the sequence: AB,CD,EF,GH,_?
          a) IJ
          b) HI
          c) KL
          d) MN
          Answer: a) IJ.
        2. Identify the next term: 1,A,2,B,3,C,_?
          a) 4, D
          b) 4, E
          c) D, 4
          d) E, 4
          Answer: a) 4, D.
        3. What comes next: ABC,CDE,EFG,_?
          a) GHI
          b) HIG
          c) HIJ
          d) GJK
          Answer: a) GHI.
        4. Identify the missing term: X,XZ,XZW,_?
          a) XZWY
          b) XZWV
          c) XZWU
          d) XZWT
          Answer: c) XZWU.

        5. Combined Series

        1. What comes next: 1A,2B,3C,4D,_?
          a) 5F
          b) 5E
          c) 6F
          d) 6E
          Answer: b) 5E.
        2. Identify the missing term: 1#, 2@, 3%, 4$, ?
          a) 5&
          b) 5#
          c) 5^
          d) 5*
          Answer: a) 5&.
        3. What comes next in the series: A1$, B2%, C3&, ?
          a) D4*
          b) E5$
          c) D4#
          d) E5&
          Answer: a) D4*.

        6. Palindromic Series

        1. Which of the following is a palindrome?
          a) MADAM
          b) RADAR
          c) 121
          d) All of the above
          Answer: d) All of the above.
        2. Complete the palindrome: ROT_TORROT_TOR.
          a) R
          b) T
          c) O
          d) A
          Answer: c) O.
        3. Identify the missing number: 121,131,141,_?
          a) 151
          b) 161
          c) 171
          d) 181
          Answer: a) 151.
        4. Complete the palindromic series: A,B,A,C,A,_?
          a) A
          b) D
          c) C
          d) E
          Answer: b) D.
        5. Which of the following numbers is not a palindrome?
          a) 111
          b) 202
          c) 212
          d) 123
          Answer: d) 123.

        7. Number Series (Continued)

        1. Identify the missing number: 10,20,40,80,_?
          a) 120
          b) 100
          c) 160
          d) 200
          Answer: c) 160 (Geometric progression: ×2 each time).
        2. What comes next in the series: 1,3,7,15,_?
          a) 30
          b) 28
          c) 25
          d) 31
          Answer: d) 31 (+2, +4, +8, +16).
        3. Complete the series: 50,45,40,35,_?
          a) 30
          b) 25
          c) 20
          d) 15
          Answer: a) 30 (-5 each time).
        4. What comes next: 100,90,70,40,_?
          a) 0
          b) 20
          c) 10
          d) 5
          Answer: b) 20 (Subtracting 10, 20, 30, 40).
        5. Identify the missing number: 4,9,16,25,_?
          a) 35
          b) 36
          c) 37
          d) 38
          Answer: b) 36 (Squares of consecutive integers).

        8. Alphabet Series (Continued)

        1. What comes next in the series: A,C,F,J,_?
          a) K
          b) L
          c) M
          d) N
          Answer: d) N (+2, +3, +4).
        2. Complete the sequence: Z,X,V,T,R,_?
          a) Q
          b) P
          c) O
          d) S
          Answer: b) P (Reverse order, skipping one letter).
        3. Identify the next letter: B,E,H,K,_?
          a) N
          b) M
          c) L
          d) O
          Answer: a) N (+3 each time).
        4. What comes next in the series: A,B,D,G,_?
          a) I
          b) J
          c) K
          d) L
          Answer: b) J (Skipping 0, 1, 2, 3 letters).
        5. Identify the missing term: M,N,O,P,_?
          a) Q
          b) R
          c) S
          d) T
          Answer: a) Q (Sequential order).

        9. Alphanumeric Series (Continued)

        1. Complete the series: A1Z,B2Y,C3X,D4W,_?
          a) F5U
          b) E5V
          c) E5U
          d) F5T
          Answer: b) E5V (Forward alphabets, reverse letters, increasing digits).
        2. What comes next: 1A,2B,3C,4D,_?
          a) 5F
          b) 5E
          c) 6F
          d) 6E
          Answer: b) 5E.
        3. Identify the missing term: M5,N4,O3,P2,_?
          a) Q1
          b) Q0
          c) R1
          d) Q2
          Answer: a) Q1 (Alphabet progression, numbers decreasing).
        4. Complete the sequence: A1$, B2%, C3&, ?
          a) D4*
          b) D5$
          c) E5%
          d) F4#
          Answer: a) D4*.
        5. What comes next in the series: A1A,B2B,C3C,_?A1A, B2B, C3C, ?
          a) D4D
          b) E5E
          c) D4E
          d) F6F
          Answer: a) D4D.

        10. Palindromic Series (Continued)

        1. Which of the following is a palindrome?
          a) LEVEL
          b) RADAR
          c) 343
          d) All of the above
          Answer: d) All of the above.
        2. Identify the missing number: 121,131,141,_?
          a) 151
          b) 161
          c) 171
          d) 181
          Answer: a) 151.
        3. Which of the following words is not a palindrome?
          a) RACECAR
          b) MOM
          c) BOOK
          d) ROTOR
          Answer: c) BOOK.
        4. Complete the palindromic number series: 121,232,343,454,_?
          a) 565
          b) 676
          c) 787
          d) 898
          Answer: a) 565.

        Word Series in Logical Reasoning UHS MDCAT

        by

        Word series questions test a candidate’s ability to identify patterns or relationships between elements in a sequence. These elements can include numbers, alphabets, symbols, or combinations thereof. Based on the terms and structure of the series, word series can be classified into the following types:

        1. Numeric or Number Series

        • Definition: A series where numbers are arranged in a specific sequence based on a logical relationship.
        • Example:
          2,4,6,8,10,….. (Each term increases by 2).
        • Variations:
          • Ascending or Descending Order (e.g., 10,9,8,7).
          • Arithmetic Progression (AP): 3,6,9,12,
          • Geometric Progression (GP): 2,4,8,16
          • Mixed Patterns (e.g., 2,3,6,11,18

        2. Alphabet Series

        • Definition: A sequence of letters arranged in a specific pattern.
        • Example:
          A,C,E,G,I (Skipping one letter each time).
        • Variations:
          • Sequential Order (e.g., A,B,C,D,E.)
          • Reversed Order (e.g., Z,Y,X,W.)
          • Skipped Letters (e.g., B,D,F,H.)
          • Mixed Capitalization (e.g., A,b,C,d.)

        3. Alphanumeric Series

        • Definition: A combination of alphabets and numbers in a series that follows a specific pattern.
        • Example:
          A1B,B2C,C3D,D4E(Alphabet and number progression).
        • Variations:
          • Fixed Format (e.g., X1,Y2,Z3).
          • Alternating Patterns (e.g., A1,2B,C3).
          • Increasing or Decreasing Digits (e.g., M5,N4,O3).

        4. Pattern Series and Sequences

        • Definition: Identifying missing elements or patterns in a series based on specific rules.
        • Example:
          AA,BB,CC,DD, ? (Pattern: Repeated letters in alphabetical order).
        • Variations:
          • Alternating Patterns (e.g., A,1,B,2,C,3).
          • Repeated Elements (e.g., AAA,BBB,CCC).
          • Increasing or Decreasing Length (e.g., AB,ABC,ABCD).

        6. Combined Series

        • Definition: A series combining elements from two or more types (numbers, alphabets, symbols).
        • Example:
          1A,2B,3C,4D1A, 2B, 3C, 4D (Combination of numbers and alphabets).
        • Variations:
          • Number and Symbol (e.g., 1#, 2@, 3%).
          • Alphabet and Symbol (e.g., A$, B%, C&).
          • Triple Combination (e.g., 1A$, 2B%, 3C&).

        7. Palindrome

        A palindrome is a word, phrase, number, or sequence of characters that reads the same backward as forward, ignoring spaces, punctuation, and capitalization. Examples include “radar,” “level,” and “121.”

        Sample Questions

        20 Questions Relating to Word Series

        1. Number Series

        1. What comes next in the series: 2, 4, 8, 16, ___?
          a) 20
          b) 24
          c) 32
          d) 64
          Answer: c) 32
        2. Identify the missing number: 1, 3, 6, 10, ___, 21.
          a) 12
          b) 15
          c) 18
          d) 20
          Answer: b) 15
        3. What comes next in the series: 121, 144, 169, 196, ___?
          a) 225
          b) 256
          c) 289
          d) 324
          Answer: a) 225

        2. Alphabet Series

        1. What comes next in the series: B, D, F, H, ___?
          a) J
          b) K
          c) L
          d) M
          Answer: a) J
        2. Complete the series: A, Z, B, Y, C, X, ___?
          a) D
          b) E
          c) W
          d) V
          Answer: a) D
        3. What comes next: L, M, N, O, ___?
          a) Q
          b) P
          c) R
          d) T
          Answer: b) P

        3. Alphanumeric Series

        1. What comes next in the series: A1, B2, C3, D4, ___?
          a) E5
          b) F6
          c) E6
          d) G7
          Answer: a) E5
        2. Identify the missing term: 2A, 4B, 6C, 8D, ___?
          a) 10E
          b) 10F
          c) 12E
          d) 14G
          Answer: a) 10E
        3. Complete the series: A2B, B3C, C4D, ___?
          a) E5F
          b) D5E
          c) F6G
          d) G7H
          Answer: b) D5E

        4. Pattern Series

        1. What comes next in the series: AA, AB, BB, BC, ___?
          a) CC
          b) CD
          c) AC
          d) CB
          Answer: a) CC
        2. Complete the sequence: AB, CD, EF, GH, ___?
          a) IJ
          b) HI
          c) KL
          d) MN
          Answer: a) IJ
        3. Identify the next term: 1, A, 2, B, 3, C, ___?
          a) 4, D
          b) D, 4
          c) 4, E
          d) C, 5
          Answer: a) 4, D

        5. Palindromic Series

        1. Which of the following is a palindrome?
          a) RADAR
          b) LEVEL
          c) 121
          d) All of the above
          Answer: d) All of the above
        2. Complete the palindrome: “MAD___DAM.”
          a) I
          b) A
          c) D
          d) O
          Answer: b) A
        3. What comes next in the palindromic number series: 121, 131, 141, ___?
          a) 151
          b) 161
          c) 171
          d) 181
          Answer: a) 151
        4. Identify the palindromic word: “ROT___TOR.”
          a) A
          b) E
          c) O
          d) T
          Answer: c) O
        5. What comes next in the palindromic series: “A, B, A, C, A, ___?”
          a) D
          b) B
          c) A
          d) C
          Answer: a) D

        Chemistry Solved for UHS Entry Test 2011 – Complete Guide

        by

        Explore the complete solutions and explanations for the Chemistry section of the UHS Entry Test 2011. Our detailed guide helps you understand key concepts and practice solved questions for successful exam preparation.

        Q.45
        In a mass spectrometer, the detector or collector measures the:
        A) Masses of isotopes
        B) Percentages of isotopes
        C) Relative abundances of isotopes
        D) Mass numbers of isotopes

        Answer: C) Relative abundances of isotopes
        Explanation: The mass spectrometer detects the relative abundances of isotopes by separating ions based on their mass-to-charge ratios. It measures how much of each isotope is present in a sample.

        Q.46
        How many chlorine atoms are in two moles of chlorine?
        A) 2 x 6.02 x 10²³ atoms
        B) 35.5 x 6.02 x 10²³ atoms
        C) 2 x 10²³ atoms
        D) 2 x 6.02 x 10²² atoms

        Answer: A) 2 x 6.02 x 10²³ atoms
        Explanation: One mole contains Avogadro’s number of atoms, which is 6.02 x 10²³. Therefore, 2 moles of chlorine will contain 2 x 6.02 x 10²³ atoms.

        Q.47
        Melting point of water is higher than petrol because intermolecular forces in water are:
        A) Weaker than petrol
        B) Stronger than petrol
        C) Same as in petrol
        D) Negligible

        Answer: B) Stronger than petrol
        Explanation: Water has hydrogen bonding, a very strong intermolecular force, whereas petrol has weaker London dispersion forces. These stronger forces in water lead to a higher melting point.

        Q.48
        DNA molecule is double-stranded, and in which two chains of DNA are twisted around each other by:
        A) Hydrogen bonds
        B) Van der Waals forces
        C) Covalent bonds
        D) Dative bonds

        Answer: A) Hydrogen bonds
        Explanation: Hydrogen bonds between complementary nitrogenous bases in the DNA strands hold the two strands together, forming a double helix.

        Q.49
        The elements for which the value of ionization energy is low can:
        A) Gain electrons readily
        B) Gain electrons with difficulty
        C) Lose electrons less readily
        D) Lose electrons readily

        Answer: D) Lose electrons readily
        Explanation: Elements with low ionization energy can easily lose electrons because less energy is required to remove electrons from the atom.

        Q.50
        The nature of cathode rays in a discharge tube:
        A) Depends on the nature of gas taken in the discharge tube
        B) Depends upon the nature of cathode in discharge tube
        C) Is independent of the nature of the gas in discharge tube
        D) Depends upon the nature of anode in the discharge tube

        Answer: C) Is independent of the nature of the gas in the discharge tube
        Explanation: Cathode rays consist of electrons, which are the same regardless of the type of gas present in the discharge tube.

        Q.51
        The ability of an atom in a covalent bond to attract the bonding electrons is called:
        A) Ionization energy
        B) Ionic bond energy
        C) Electronegativity
        D) Electron affinity

        Answer: C) Electronegativity
        Explanation: Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract bonding electrons in a covalent bond.

        Q.52
        The paramagnetic character of a substance is due to:
        A) Bond pairs of electrons
        B) Lone pairs of electrons
        C) Unpaired electrons in atom or molecule
        D) Paired electrons in valence shells of electrons

        Answer: C) Unpaired electrons in atom or molecule
        Explanation: Paramagnetism occurs due to the presence of unpaired electrons that align with a magnetic field.

        Q.53
        Lattice energy of an ionic crystal is the enthalpy of:
        A) Combustion
        B) Dissociation
        C) Dissolution
        D) Formation

        Answer: D) Formation
        Explanation: Lattice energy refers to the energy released when gaseous ions form an ionic solid, so it is associated with the formation of the crystal.

        Q.54
        In standard enthalpy of atomization, heat of the surrounding:
        A) Remains unchanged
        B) Increases
        C) Decreases
        D) Increases then decreases

        Answer: B) Increases
        Explanation: During atomization, energy is absorbed to break bonds, which leads to an increase in the heat of the surroundings.

        Q.55
        Mole fraction of any compound is the ratio of moles of all components in a:
        A) Compound
        B) Solution
        C) Molecule
        D) Solid

        Answer: B) Solution
        Explanation: Mole fraction is calculated in solutions, not compounds or molecules.

        Q.56
        Molarity is defined as the number of moles of any substance dissolved:
        A) Per dm³ of solution
        B) Per m³ of solution
        C) Per 100 ml of solution
        D) In one gram of solution

        Answer: A) Per dm³ of solution
        Explanation: Molarity is defined as moles of solute per liter (dm³) of solution.

        Q.57
        In an electrolytic cell, a salt bridge is used in order to:
        A) Pass the electric current
        B) Prevent the flow of ions
        C) Mix solutions of two half cells
        D) Allow movement of ions between two half cells

        Answer: D) Allow movement of ions between two half cells
        Explanation: The salt bridge allows ions to move between half cells, maintaining electrical neutrality in the system.

        Q.58
        In all oxidation reactions, atoms of an element in a chemical species lose electrons and increase their:
        A) Oxidation states
        B) Reductions
        C) Electrode
        D) Negative charges

        Answer: A) Oxidation states
        Explanation: Oxidation involves the loss of electrons, which results in an increase in oxidation state.

        Q.59
        In “AgCl solution, some salt of NaCl is added, “AgCl will be precipitated due to:
        A) Solubility
        B) Electrolyte
        C) Unsaturation effect
        D) Common ion effect

        Answer: D) Common ion effect
        Explanation: The addition of NaCl increases the concentration of Cl⁻ ions, causing AgCl to precipitate due to the common ion effect.

        Q.60
        When ‘Ka’ for an acid is higher, the stronger is the acid; relate the strength of an acid with ‘pKa’:
        A) Higher pKa, weaker the acid
        B) Lower pKa, stronger the acid
        C) pKa has no relation with acid strength
        D) Both A and B

        Answer: B) Lower pKa, stronger the acid
        Explanation: A lower pKa value indicates a stronger acid because it corresponds to a higher Ka, meaning the acid dissociates more readily.

        Q.61
        It is experimentally found that a catalyst is used to:
        A) Lower the activation energy
        B) Increase the activation energy
        C) Lower the pH
        D) Decrease the temperature of the reaction

        Answer: A) Lower the activation energy
        Explanation: Catalysts work by lowering the activation energy, making the reaction occur more easily and faster.

        Q.62
        According to the collision theory of bimolecular reactions in the gas phase, the minimum amount of energy required for an effective collision is known as:
        A) Heat of reaction
        B) Rate of reaction
        C) Has no effect on the reaction
        D) Energy of activation

        Answer: D) Energy of activation
        Explanation: The energy of activation is the minimum energy needed for molecules to collide effectively and react.

        Q.63
        Diamond is a non-conductor, whereas graphite is a good conductor because:
        A) Graphite has a layered structure
        B) Graphite has free electrons that can move
        C) In graphite, all valence electrons are tetrahedrally bound
        D) Graphite is soft and greasy

        Answer: B) Graphite has free electrons that can move
        Explanation: In graphite, one valence electron from each carbon atom is free to move, which makes graphite a good conductor of electricity.

        Q.64
        The diagram below is a plot of melting points of elements of the second period against their atomic numbers. Lithium and fluorine are placed at the extreme ends of the plot, on the basis of melting points where will you place Carbon?
        A) 1
        B) 2
        C) 3
        D) 4

        Answer: D) 3
        Explanation: Carbon has a relatively high melting point due to its strong covalent bonds (diamond), so it is placed at position 3.

        Q.65
        When elements of Group II-A (alkaline earth metals) are exposed to air, they quickly become coated with a layer of oxide. What is the purpose of this oxide layer?
        A) The oxide layer exposes the metal to atmospheric attack
        B) The oxide layer increases the reactivity of metal
        C) The oxide layer protects the metal from further atmospheric attack
        D) The oxide layer gives the metal a shiny silvery appearance

        **Answer: C) The oxide layer protects the metal from

        further atmospheric attack**
        Explanation: The oxide layer forms a protective barrier preventing further corrosion of the metal.

        Q.66
        In silicon dioxide, each silicon atom is tetrahedrally bonded to four oxygen atoms, and each oxygen atom is bonded to two silicon atoms. The ratio of silicon to oxygen atoms is:
        A) 1:1
        B) 2:1
        C) 1:2
        D) 1:3

        Answer: C) 1:2
        Explanation: The empirical formula for silicon dioxide is SiO₂, meaning one silicon atom for every two oxygen atoms.

        Q.67
        Hydrogenation of unsaturated oils is done by using:
        A) Finely divided nickel
        B) Finely divided platinum
        C) Heat
        D) Hydrogen gas

        Answer: A) Finely divided nickel
        Explanation: Finely divided nickel is commonly used as a catalyst in the hydrogenation of unsaturated oils.

        Q.68
        Pick the correct statement:
        A) Chelates are usually more stable than ordinary complexes
        B) Chelates are usually less stable than ordinary complexes
        C) Chelates do not form complexes
        D) Chelates and ordinary complexes are equally stable

        Answer: A) Chelates are usually more stable than ordinary complexes
        Explanation: Chelates form multiple bonds with a metal ion, making them more stable than complexes formed by single bonds.

        Q.69
        In the contact process, the catalyst used for the conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide is:
        A) Zinc oxide
        B) Iron oxide
        C) Vanadium pentoxide
        D) Aluminum oxide

        Answer: C) Vanadium pentoxide
        Explanation: Vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅) is the catalyst used in the contact process for the conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide.

        Q.70
        The unpolluted natural rainwater is slightly acidic due to the reaction of rainwater with:
        A) Sulphur dioxide
        B) Oxides of nitrogen
        C) Carbon dioxide
        D) Hydrogen present in air

        Answer: C) Carbon dioxide
        Explanation: Natural rainwater is slightly acidic due to the dissolution of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which reacts with water to form carbonic acid (H₂CO₃).

        Q.71
        In the Haber’s process for the manufacturing of ammonia, nitrogen is taken from:
        A) Proteins occurring in living bodies
        B) Ammonium salts obtained industrially
        C) Air
        D) Mineral containing nitrates

        Answer: C) Air
        Explanation: In the Haber process, nitrogen is taken from the air, where it is present as N₂ gas, and combined with hydrogen to form ammonia (NH₃).

        Q.72
        In comparison with oxygen gas, a strong triple bond is present between two nitrogen atoms in a molecule and therefore nitrogen gas is:
        A) Highly reactive gas
        B) Completely inert like noble gases
        C) Very less reactive gas
        D) Moderately reactive gas

        Answer: C) Very less reactive gas
        Explanation: Nitrogen gas (N₂) has a strong triple bond between the nitrogen atoms, making it quite stable and less reactive compared to oxygen gas.

        Q.73
        The compound with an atom, which has an unshared pair of electrons, is called:
        A) Nucleophile
        B) Electrophile
        C) Protophile
        D) None of the above

        Answer: A) Nucleophile
        Explanation: A nucleophile is a species that has an unshared pair of electrons and can donate these electrons to an electrophile in a chemical reaction.

        Q.74
        1-chloropropane and 2-chloropropane are isomers of each other; the type of isomerism in these two is called:
        A) Chain isomerism
        B) Cis-trans isomerism
        C) Position isomerism
        D) Functional group isomerism

        Answer: C) Position isomerism
        Explanation: 1-chloropropane and 2-chloropropane are position isomers because the chlorine atom is attached to different carbon atoms in each molecule.

        Q.75
        Benzene, in the presence of AlCl₃, produces acetophenone when it reacts with:
        A) Acetyl chloride
        B) Acetic acid
        C) Ethylbenzene
        D) Ethanoic acid

        Answer: A) Acetyl chloride
        Explanation: In the presence of AlCl₃ (a Lewis acid), benzene reacts with acetyl chloride (CH₃COCl) to form acetophenone (C₆H₅COCH₃) via an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

        Q.76
        The substitution of a “-H” by “-NO₂” group in benzene is called:
        A) Nitration
        B) Amination
        C) Sulphonation
        D) Reduction of benzene

        Answer: A) Nitration
        Explanation: The substitution of a -NO₂ (nitro) group for a hydrogen atom in benzene is known as nitration. This reaction typically involves nitric acid (HNO₃) in the presence of a catalyst like sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄).

        Q.77
        When a purely alcoholic solution of sodium/potassium hydroxide and halogenoalkanes are reacted, an alkene is formed. What is the mechanism of reaction?
        A) Elimination
        B) Dehydration
        C) Substitution
        D) Addition

        Answer: A) Elimination
        Explanation: When sodium or potassium hydroxide reacts with halogenoalkanes in alcoholic solution, an elimination reaction occurs, leading to the formation of an alkene by the removal of HX (hydrogen halide).

        Q.78
        The organic compound carbon tetrachloride is used as:
        A) Lubricant
        B) Solvent
        C) Oxidant
        D) Plastic

        Answer: B) Solvent
        Explanation: Carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) is commonly used as a solvent in various industrial applications due to its ability to dissolve oils, fats, and other non-polar substances.

        Q.79
        An alcohol is converted to an aldehyde with the same number of carbon atoms as that of the alcohol in the presence of K₂Cr₂O₇/H₂SO₄. The alcohol is:
        A) CH₃CH₂OH
        B) CH₃CH₂CH₂OH
        C) (CH₃)₂CHOH
        D) (CH₃)₃COH

        Answer: A) CH₃CH₂OH
        Explanation: Ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH) is oxidized to acetaldehyde (CH₃CHO) by potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇) in the presence of sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄).

        Q.80
        Which of the following is a secondary alcohol?
        A) CH₃OH
        B) CH₃CH₂OH
        C) (CH₃)₂CHOH
        D) (CH₃)₃COH

        Answer: C) (CH₃)₂CHOH
        Explanation: A secondary alcohol has the hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom that is connected to two other carbon atoms. (CH₃)₂CHOH is a secondary alcohol.

        Q.81
        Which enzyme is involved in the fermentation of glucose?
        A) Zymase
        B) Invertase
        C) Urease
        D) Diastase

        Answer: A) Zymase
        Explanation: Zymase is the enzyme complex responsible for fermenting glucose into alcohol (ethanol) and carbon dioxide in yeast.

        Q.82
        Relative acidic strength of alcohol, phenol, water, and carboxylic acid is:
        A) Carboxylic acid > Alcohol > Phenol > Water
        B) Carboxylic acid > Phenol > Water > Alcohol
        C) Phenol > Carboxylic acid > Alcohol > Water
        D) Water > Alcohol > Phenol > Carboxylic acid

        Answer: A) Carboxylic acid > Alcohol > Phenol > Water
        Explanation: Carboxylic acids are the most acidic due to the resonance stabilization of their conjugate base. Alcohols are weaker acids, followed by phenols, and water is the least acidic of the four.

        Q.83
        Consider the following reaction:
        R-CHO + 2[Ag(NH₃)₂]OH →
        This reaction represents one of the following tests:
        A) Fehling test
        B) Benedict test
        C) Ninhydrin test
        D) Tollens test

        Answer: D) Tollens test
        Explanation: This reaction is the Tollens test, used to detect aldehydes. Tollens’ reagent, which contains silver(I) ions complexed with ammonia, reacts with aldehydes to produce a silver mirror on the test tube.

        Q.84
        In the below reaction, the nucleophile is:
        HCHO + HCN → R-COONH₄ + 2Ag + 2NH₃ + H₂O
        A) CN⁻
        B) NH₃
        C) OH⁻
        D) H₂O

        Answer: A) CN⁻
        Explanation: In this reaction, cyanide ion (CN⁻) is the nucleophile that attacks the carbonyl carbon of formaldehyde (HCHO) to form the product.

        Q.85
        Which one of the following compounds belongs to the homologous series of aldehydes?
        A) HO
        B) -NH₂
        C) CH₃COOH
        D) HCHO

        Answer: D) HCHO
        Explanation: HCHO (formaldehyde) is an aldehyde. The other compounds are either carboxylic acids (CH₃COOH) or amines (-NH₂).

        Q.86
        The products of the following reaction are:
        CH₃COOH + PCl₅ →
        A) CH₃COCl + POCl₃ + H₂O
        B) CH₃COCl + POCl₃ + HCl
        C) CH₃COCl + PCl₃ + H₂O
        D) CH₃COCl + PCl₄ + HCl

        Answer: A) CH₃COCl + POCl₃ + H₂O
        Explanation: When acetic acid (CH₃COOH) reacts with phosphorus pentachloride (PCl₅), it forms acetyl chloride (CH₃COCl), phosphorus oxychloride (POCl₃), and water (H₂O).

        Q.87
        In the above reaction, A and B are:
        CH₃COOH + Mg →
        A) Acetic acid and acid amide
        B) Acetic acid and ammonia
        C) Acetic acid and methyl chloride
        D) Acetic acid and ammonium chloride

        Answer: B) Acetic acid and ammonia
        Explanation: When acetic acid reacts with magnesium, it forms magnesium acetate (Mg(CH₃COO)₂) and releases hydrogen gas. Magnesium may react with water to form ammonia in some conditions.

        Q.88
        Consider the following reaction:
        CH₃COOH + Mg (metal) →
        What product will form?
        A) Magnesium formate
        B) Magnesium acetate
        C) Magnesium ion
        D) Carboxylate ion

        Answer: B) Magnesium acetate
        Explanation: When acetic acid reacts with magnesium, the product formed is magnesium acetate (Mg(CH₃COO)₂), and magnesium hydroxide may also be produced if water is involved.

        Q.89
        The -NH-CO- group is called:
        A) Amide group
        B) Amino group
        C) Ester group
        D) Peptide linkage

        Answer: A) Amide group
        Explanation: The -NH-CO- group is called an amide group, which is found in amides and peptide bonds.

        Q.90
        Which one of the following is an alpha amino acid?
        A) NH₂-CH-COOH
        B) NH₂-CH₂-COOH
        C) NH₂-CH₂-CH₂-COOH
        D) HOOC-CH₂-CH₂-COOH

        Answer: C) NH₂-CH₂-CH₂-COOH
        Explanation: Alpha amino acids have the amino group (-NH₂) attached to the alpha (α)-carbon, which is the carbon adjacent to the carboxyl group (-COOH). The compound NH₂-CH₂-CH₂-COOH is an example of an alpha amino acid.

        Q.91
        Which of the following has an amino R-group?
        A) Lysine
        B) Proline
        C) Valine
        D) Alanine

        Answer: A) Lysine
        Explanation: Lysine has an amino group (-NH₂) attached to its side chain (R group). The other amino acids listed do not have an amino group in their side chains.

        Q.92
        At intermediate pH, amino acids form Zwitterions containing:
        A) -NH₃⁺ and COO⁻
        B) -NH₂ and COO⁻
        C) -NH₂ and COCH₃
        D) -NH₂ and COOH

        Answer: A) -NH₃⁺ and COO⁻
        Explanation: At intermediate pH (near the isoelectric point), amino acids exist as zwitterions, with a positively charged amino group (-NH₃⁺) and a negatively charged carboxyl group (COO⁻).

        Q.93
        When hexane dioic acid is heated with hexamethylenediamine, the compound formed is:
        A) Polypeptide
        B) Addition polymer
        C) Ester
        D) Nylon 6,6

        Answer: D) Nylon 6,6
        Explanation: Hexane dioic acid (adipic acid) and hexamethylenediamine react to form Nylon 6,6, which is a type of polyamide (a polymer linked by amide bonds).

        Q.94
        A polymer in which the number of amino acid residues is greater than 100 or molecular mass is greater than 1000, is known as:
        A) Protein
        B) Polypeptide
        C) Dipeptide
        D) Tripeptide

        Answer: A) Protein
        Explanation: A polymer with more than 100 amino acid residues and a molecular mass greater than 1000 is considered a protein. A polypeptide refers to a shorter chain, typically with fewer than 100 amino acids.

        Q.95
        Aspartic acid is an acidic amino acid, which has the chemical formula:
        A) NH₂-CH₂-CH₂-COOH
        B) NH₂-CH-CH₂-COOH
        C) NH₂-CH₂-COOH
        D) NH₂-C-COOH

        Answer: A) NH₂-CH₂-CH₂-COOH
        Explanation: Aspartic acid has the chemical formula C₄H₇NO₄. It is an acidic amino acid, and its structure includes a carboxyl group (-COOH) in the side chain, which makes it acidic.

        Q.96
        Glucose and fructose are common examples of:
        A) Pentoses
        B) Hexoses
        C) Heptoses
        D) Butoses

        Answer: B) Hexoses
        Explanation: Both glucose and fructose are hexoses, meaning they are six-carbon sugars. Pentoses have five carbon atoms, heptoses have seven, and butoses have four.

        Q.97
        The reaction between fats and caustic soda is called:
        A) Hydrogenolysis
        B) Fermentation
        C) Carboxylation
        D) Saponification

        Answer: D) Saponification
        Explanation: Saponification is the chemical reaction between fats (or oils) and a strong base like caustic soda (sodium hydroxide), resulting in the formation of glycerol (glycerin) and soap (fatty acid salts).

        Q.98
        Macromolecules are described as large molecules built up from small repeating units known as:
        A) Monomers
        B) Isomers
        C) Metameres
        D) Tautomer

        Answer: A) Monomers
        Explanation: Macromolecules, such as polymers, are made up of repeating structural units called monomers. Isomers, metameres, and tautomers are different types of compounds based on structural variations but are not related to macromolecular structure.

        Q.99
        Polyvinyl chloride is an example of:
        A) Addition polymer
        B) Condensation polymer
        C) Biopolymer
        D) Thermosetting polymer

        Answer: A) Addition polymer
        Explanation: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a type of addition polymer, where monomers (vinyl chloride) are added together without the elimination of any small molecules (like water).

        Q.100
        Terylene, a polyester, is an example of:
        A) Addition polymer
        B) Condensation polymer
        C) Biopolymer
        D) Thermosetting polymer

        Answer: B) Condensation polymer
        Explanation: Terylene (also known as PET or polyethylene terephthalate) is a polyester formed through condensation polymerization, where water is eliminated during the formation of the polymer.

        Q.101
        The suspected liver carcinogen, which also has negative reproductive and developmental effects on humans, is:
        A) Chloroform
        B) Bromoform
        C) Tropoform
        D) Todoform

        Answer: A) Chloroform
        Explanation: Chloroform is a suspected liver carcinogen and has been shown to cause negative reproductive and developmental effects in humans. The other options are not known to have these effects.

        Q.102
        Peroxyacetyl nitrate is an irritant to human beings, and it affects:
        A) Nose
        B) Stomach
        C) Ears
        D) Eyes

        Answer: D) Eyes
        Explanation: Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is a pollutant that can irritate the eyes, as well as the respiratory system, causing discomfort and damage in high concentrations.

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