Emerging Technologies in Computer Science – 9th Class Solved Exercises

February 24, 2025 by samreen

Explore the latest emerging technologies in computer science with solved exercises for 9th-class students. Learn about AI, IoT, and more in a simple and easy way.

MCQS

1. Which of the following is not a subfield of AI?

a) Machine Learning
b) Natural Language Processing
c) Computer Vision
d) Robotics

✅ Answer: None of these (All are subfields of AI)

Explanation: Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing, Computer Vision, and Robotics are all subfields of Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI encompasses a variety of disciplines that enable machines to perform human-like tasks.

💡 Tip: Remember that AI is a broad field, and many subfields contribute to its overall development.

2. Which of these AI algorithms is considered an “explainable” model?

a) Neural Networks
b) Decision Trees
c) Random Forests
d) Convolutional Neural Networks

✅ Answer: b) Decision Trees

Explanation: Decision trees are considered explainable models because their decision-making process can be easily visualized and interpreted. Other models like Neural Networks and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are often considered “black-box” models due to their complexity.

💡 Tip: Explainability is crucial in fields like healthcare and finance, where understanding why a model made a decision is important.

3. Which of these is a security concern in IoT deployments?

a) Device vulnerability
b) Data privacy
c) Lack of standardization
d) All of the above

✅ Answer: d) All of the above

Explanation: IoT security concerns include device vulnerabilities, data privacy risks, and lack of standardization. These issues can make IoT systems susceptible to hacking and data breaches.

💡 Tip: When working with IoT, always prioritize security by using encryption, authentication, and software updates.

4. Which of the following is an application of AI in healthcare?

a) Personalized drug development
b) Automated diagnosis
c) Remote patient monitoring
d) All of the above

✅ Answer: d) All of the above

Explanation: AI is transforming healthcare through personalized medicine, automated diagnosis, and remote monitoring of patients, improving efficiency and patient outcomes.

💡 Tip: AI applications in healthcare rely heavily on data, so ensuring data privacy and regulatory compliance is crucial.

5. What is the primary purpose of using AI techniques in machine learning models?

a) To improve accuracy
b) To enhance interpretability
c) To reduce computational complexity
d) All of the above

✅ Answer: d) All of the above

Explanation: AI techniques help improve model accuracy, enhance interpretability (in some cases), and optimize computational efficiency.

💡 Tip: Different AI models serve different purposes—some focus on accuracy, while others focus on explainability or efficiency.

6. What is the key difference between explainable (whitebox) and unexplainable (blackbox) AI models?

a) The complexity of the model
b) The ability to understand the decision-making process
c) The performance of the model
d) The training data used

✅ Answer: b) The ability to understand the decision-making process

Explanation: Explainable AI (white-box models) allows users to understand how decisions are made, while black-box models (e.g., deep learning) do not provide clear reasoning for their outputs.

💡 Tip: Use explainable AI when working in fields that require transparency, such as finance, law, and healthcare.

7. Which of the following is an application of IoT in the transportation domain?

a) Smart traffic management
b) Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication
c) Predictive maintenance of vehicles
d) All of the above

✅ Answer: d) All of the above

Explanation: IoT enhances transportation through smart traffic systems, V2V communication, and predictive maintenance, improving safety and efficiency.

💡 Tip: The future of smart cities relies on IoT-enabled transportation systems.

8. Which of these is a potential impact of AI and IoT on the job market?

a) Job displacement due to automation
b) Increased demand for specialized skills
c) Transformation of job roles and responsibilities
d) All of the above

✅ Answer: d) All of the above

Explanation: AI and IoT may lead to job losses in some sectors but will also create new job opportunities that require specialized skills. Many traditional roles will evolve with technological advancements.

💡 Tip: Upskilling in AI and IoT-related fields can help workers stay relevant in the job market.

9. What is the key concern associated with algorithmic bias in AI-powered decision-making processes?

a) Lack of transparency
b) Perpetuation of existing societal biases
c) Reduced accuracy of the model
d) All of the above

✅ Answer: d) All of the above

Explanation: Algorithmic bias can result from biased data, leading to unfair decisions, lack of transparency, and reduced accuracy in certain scenarios.

💡 Tip: To reduce bias, use diverse and representative datasets and test AI models for fairness.

10. Which of the following is an ethical principle that should be considered in the development and deployment of AI and IoT technologies?

a) Transparency and accountability
b) Respect for privacy and data rights
c) Fairness and non-discrimination
d) All of the above

✅ Answer: d) All of the above

Explanation: Ethical AI and IoT development should prioritize transparency, privacy, and fairness to prevent misuse and harm.

💡 Tip: AI regulations and guidelines, such as GDPR and responsible AI frameworks, help ensure ethical deployment.

Short Questions

1. Define Artificial Intelligence (AI).

Answer: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the technology that enables machines to think, learn, and make decisions like humans. It helps computers perform tasks such as recognizing speech, solving problems, and making predictions.

🔑 Key Words: AI, machines, think, learn, decisions

2. What is the historical context and evolution of AI?

Answer: AI started in the 1950s when scientists began creating programs that could play games and solve math problems. Over time, AI improved with new technologies like machine learning and deep learning, making it more powerful in areas such as robotics, healthcare, and self-driving cars.

🔑 Key Words: 1950s, machine learning, deep learning, robotics

3. Provide two examples of AI applications in healthcare.

Answer:

Automated Diagnosis – AI helps doctors identify diseases like cancer by analyzing medical images.
Personalized Medicine – AI suggests the best treatment for patients based on their health data.

🔑 Key Words: Diagnosis, medical images, personalized medicine, treatment

4. Explain the role of AI techniques in advancing machine learning models.

Answer: AI techniques improve machine learning models by helping them learn from data more efficiently. They make predictions more accurate, find patterns in data, and reduce errors in decision-making.

🔑 Key Words: AI techniques, learn, patterns, predictions, accuracy

5. Define the Internet of Things (IoT).

Answer: The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of devices, such as smartwatches, cars, and home appliances, that are connected to the internet and can share data with each other.

🔑 Key Words: IoT, devices, network, internet, data sharing

6. Describe the significance of IoT in connecting devices and systems.

Answer: IoT allows devices to communicate and work together, making everyday life easier. For example, smart home systems can control lights, temperature, and security through a smartphone.

🔑 Key Words: IoT, communication, smart devices, automation

7. What are the potential risks associated with AI and IoT?

Answer:

Privacy Issues – Personal data can be misused if not protected properly.
Cybersecurity Threats – Hackers can attack IoT devices and AI systems.
Job Loss – Automation may replace some jobs in the future.

🔑 Key Words: Privacy, cybersecurity, hacking, automation, job loss

8. Discuss the societal impact of AI and IoT on daily life.

Answer: AI and IoT make life more convenient by improving healthcare, transportation, and home automation. However, they also raise concerns about privacy, job security, and ethical issues.

🔑 Key Words: Convenience, healthcare, transportation, automation, privacy

9. Explain the concept of algorithmic bias.

Answer: Algorithmic bias happens when AI makes unfair decisions because it has been trained on biased or incomplete data. This can lead to discrimination in hiring, loans, or law enforcement.

🔑 Key Words: Bias, unfair decisions, discrimination, data

10. Outline the importance of ethical considerations in AI and IoT.

Answer: Ethical considerations in AI and IoT ensure fairness, transparency, and privacy. Developers must make sure these technologies do not harm people or violate their rights.

🔑 Key Words: Ethics, fairness, transparency, privacy, rights

Here are the answers to your long questions in simple and easy words for 9th-class students.

1. Applications of AI in Education

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is helping students and teachers in many ways. It makes learning easier and more fun. Some of its applications in education are:

Smart Tutors: AI-powered tutors, like chatbots, help students by answering their questions and explaining difficult topics. For example, software like “Socratic” helps students with their homework.
Personalized Learning: AI studies how a student learns and then gives lessons that match their speed and understanding. Platforms like “Khan Academy” use AI to suggest lessons based on student performance.
Automated Grading: AI helps teachers check exams and assignments quickly, saving their time.
Language Translation: AI-powered tools like Google Translate help students understand books and lessons in different languages.
AI in Special Education: AI assists students with disabilities. For example, speech-to-text tools help students who have trouble writing.

AI makes education more interesting, helps teachers focus on teaching, and gives students a better learning experience.

2. Explainable (Whitebox) vs. Unexplainable (Blackbox) AI Models

AI models work in different ways. Some are easy to understand, while others are complex and difficult to explain.

Explainable AI (Whitebox AI):
- These AI models work in a clear and understandable way.
- People can see how the AI makes decisions.
- Example: A simple rule-based chatbot that answers questions using a set of rules.
Unexplainable AI (Blackbox AI):
- These models are complex, and their decision-making process is not easy to understand.
- Even experts find it hard to explain how they work.
- Example: AI used in facial recognition and deep learning systems.

Whitebox AI is safer and easier to trust because its decisions can be checked, while Blackbox AI is powerful but sometimes risky because its decisions are difficult to explain.

3. Components of an IoT System

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of smart devices that communicate over the internet. An IoT system has several components:

Sensors: These devices collect information from the environment, like temperature, humidity, or motion. Example: A smart thermometer in a room.
Connectivity: The sensors send data using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or mobile networks.
Cloud Storage: The collected data is stored in cloud servers so that it can be processed.
Processing Unit: AI and software analyze the data and make decisions. Example: A smart AC that turns on when it detects high temperature.
User Interface: Users can control IoT devices using apps on their phones. Example: A mobile app to control smart lights at home.

These components work together to make smart homes, cities, and industries more efficient.

4. Applications of IoT in Transportation

IoT has made transportation faster, safer, and more efficient. Some applications include:

Smart Traffic Lights: IoT-powered traffic lights adjust based on real-time traffic, reducing jams.
Vehicle Tracking: GPS-based IoT systems help track buses, trucks, and delivery vehicles. Example: Apps like Uber track cars in real-time.
Smart Parking: IoT sensors detect empty parking spots and guide drivers to them.
Connected Cars: Modern cars use IoT to detect issues, suggest repairs, and improve fuel efficiency.

IoT is making transportation more advanced, reducing accidents, and saving time.

5. Privacy Concerns in IoT

IoT devices collect a lot of personal data, leading to privacy risks. Some concerns are:

Data Hacking: Hackers can steal private information from smart devices.
Unauthorized Access: If IoT devices are not secured, anyone can control them.
Location Tracking: IoT systems track locations, which can be misused.

To reduce these risks, strong security measures like passwords and data encryption should be used.

6. Impact of AI and IoT on Jobs

AI and IoT are changing the way people work. Some positive and negative effects include:

New Job Opportunities: AI and IoT create jobs in technology fields like software development and robotics.
Automation of Tasks: AI replaces humans in repetitive tasks like data entry and manufacturing.
Job Losses: Many workers may lose their jobs as machines take over manual work.
Improved Work Environments: IoT helps manage offices and industries more efficiently.

While AI and IoT bring many benefits, they also require workers to learn new skills to stay employed.

7. Policy and Regulatory Frameworks for AI and IoT

Governments create policies to make AI and IoT safe and fair. Some key frameworks include:

Data Protection Laws: These laws protect personal information from being misused. Example: The GDPR in Europe.
AI Ethics Guidelines: Some governments provide rules to ensure AI is used fairly.
IoT Security Standards: Companies must follow security rules to prevent hacking.

These policies help make AI and IoT safer for everyone.

8. Algorithmic Bias in AI

Algorithmic bias happens when AI makes unfair decisions. This happens because AI learns from human data, which may contain mistakes or biases.

Examples of AI Bias:

AI in hiring may prefer men over women if it was trained on biased company data.
AI in loan approval may deny loans to certain groups due to biased past records.

How to Reduce AI Bias?

Use diverse and unbiased data for training AI.
Regularly check AI decisions to remove unfair biases.
Make AI models transparent so errors can be detected easily.

9. Ethical Principles for AI and IoT

Developers and users should follow ethical guidelines for AI and IoT:

Fairness: AI should treat all people equally without bias.
Transparency: AI and IoT systems should be open about how they work.
Privacy Protection: Personal data should be kept secure.
Safety: AI and IoT should not harm humans.
Accountability: Companies should be responsible for AI and IoT actions.

These guidelines ensure that AI and IoT are used responsibly for the benefit of society.

Troubleshooting Solve Exercise | 9th Class Computer Science New Syllabus

February 14, 2025 by samreen

Looking for solutions to the troubleshooting exercises in the 9th class Computer Science new syllabus? Get detailed answers with easy explanations, step-by-step solutions, and examples to help you understand troubleshooting concepts better.

1. What is the first step in the systematic process of troubleshooting?

Statement: What is the first step in the systematic process of troubleshooting?

Options:
A) Establish a Theory of Probable Cause
B) Implement the Solution
C) Identify Problem
D) Document Findings, Actions, and Outcomes

Correct Answer: C) Identify Problem

Explanation:
Troubleshooting starts with identifying the exact issue before trying to fix anything. This involves gathering information about the problem, asking users about symptoms, and checking error messages.

🔹 Tip & Trick: Always start by diagnosing the problem before jumping to solutions.

2. Why is effective troubleshooting important for maintaining systems?

Statement: Why is effective troubleshooting important for maintaining systems?

Options:
A) It helps save money on repairs
B) It prevents the need for professional help
C) It ensures systems operate smoothly and efficiently
D) It allows for more frequent system updates

Correct Answer: C) It ensures systems operate smoothly and efficiently

Explanation:
Proper troubleshooting helps maintain system stability and prevents unexpected failures, ensuring smooth operation.

🔹 Tip & Trick: Regular troubleshooting prevents downtime and keeps systems efficient.

3. Which step involves coming up with a theory about what might be causing a problem?

Statement: Which step involves coming up with a theory about what might be causing a problem?

Options:
A) Test the Theory to Determine the Cause
B) Establish a Theory of Probable Cause
C) Implement the Solution
D) Verify Full System Functionality

Correct Answer: B) Establish a Theory of Probable Cause

Explanation:
After identifying the problem, the next step is to think of possible reasons for the issue. This step helps in narrowing down potential causes.

🔹 Tip & Trick: Think of multiple possible causes before testing a solution.

4. After implementing a solution, what is the next step in the troubleshooting process?

Statement: After implementing a solution, what is the next step in the troubleshooting process?

Options:
A) Document Findings, Actions, and Outcomes
B) Test the Theory to Determine the Cause
C) Verify Full System Functionality
D) Establish a Plan of Action to Resolve the Problem

Correct Answer: C) Verify Full System Functionality

Explanation:
After applying a fix, it is important to check if the problem is truly resolved and that no new issues have arisen.

🔹 Tip & Trick: Always test the system after troubleshooting to ensure everything works correctly.

5. Which of the following is an example of identifying a problem in troubleshooting?

Statement: Which of the following is an example of identifying a problem in troubleshooting?

Options:
A) Testing a laptop battery by plugging in the power cord
B) Coming up with a plan to replace a laptop battery
C) Noticing that a laptop does not turn on when the power button is pressed
D) Writing down that a laptop battery was replaced

Correct Answer: C) Noticing that a laptop does not turn on when the power button is pressed

Explanation:
Identifying a problem means observing symptoms and recognizing that something is wrong. In this case, noticing that the laptop doesn’t turn on is identifying the problem.

🔹 Tip & Trick: Observation is key in troubleshooting—look for symptoms first!

6. Why is documenting findings, actions, and outcomes important in troubleshooting?

Statement: Why is documenting findings, actions, and outcomes important in troubleshooting?

Options:
A) It helps solve problems faster
B) It provides a record for future reference
C) It allows for more efficient testing
D) It ensures that the system is configured correctly

Correct Answer: B) It provides a record for future reference

Explanation:
Documenting troubleshooting steps ensures that if the problem happens again, there is a record of what was done to fix it. This saves time and effort in the future.

🔹 Tip & Trick: Always keep records of troubleshooting steps for easier fixes in the future!

7. What is the purpose of establishing a plan of action in troubleshooting?

Statement: What is the purpose of establishing a plan of action in troubleshooting?

Options:

A) To identify the problem
B) To verify full system functionality
C) To determine the cause of the problem
D) To decide on the steps needed to resolve the issue

Correct Answer:

✅ D) To decide on the steps needed to resolve the issue

Explanation:

After identifying the problem and its possible causes, the next step is to plan how to fix it. This ensures an organized and effective approach to problem-solving.

🔹 Tip & Trick: Always create a step-by-step plan before applying any fix to avoid mistakes.

Keywords: troubleshooting, plan of action, problem-solving, system repair

8. Why is troubleshooting important in computing systems?

Statement: Why is troubleshooting important in computing systems?

Options:

A) It ensures hardware components are always up to date
B) It prevents the need for data backups
C) It helps keep systems running smoothly and securely
D) It eliminates the need for software updates

Correct Answer:

✅ C) It helps keep systems running smoothly and securely

Explanation:

Regular troubleshooting prevents system failures, security issues, and performance problems, ensuring that everything operates efficiently.

🔹 Tip & Trick: Proper troubleshooting saves time and money by preventing major system failures.

Keywords: troubleshooting, system security, maintenance, smooth operation

9. What does troubleshooting help prevent by quickly identifying and resolving issues?

Statement: What does troubleshooting help prevent by quickly identifying and resolving issues?

Options:

A) The need for professional help
B) The need for software updates
C) Downtime and lost productivity
D) The need for regular maintenance

Correct Answer:

✅ C) Downtime and lost productivity

Explanation:

When issues are identified and fixed quickly, systems remain functional, reducing downtime and ensuring productivity.

🔹 Tip & Trick: Faster troubleshooting reduces losses and keeps work running smoothly.

Keywords: downtime, lost productivity, troubleshooting, quick fixes

10. Which of the following is an example of ensuring data integrity through troubleshooting?

Statement: Which of the following is an example of ensuring data integrity through troubleshooting?

Options:

A) Identifying a software bug that causes incorrect database results
B) Replacing a faulty printer
C) Using a cooling pad to prevent laptop overheating
D) Updating the operating system regularly

Correct Answer:

✅ A) Identifying a software bug that causes incorrect database results

Explanation:

Ensuring data integrity means making sure information remains accurate and reliable. Fixing software bugs prevents data corruption and ensures correctness.

🔹 Tip & Trick: Always double-check data accuracy after troubleshooting software issues.

Keywords: data integrity, software bug, database, accuracy, troubleshooting

Short Question Answers (Easy and Simple for Class 9 Students)

1. What is the first step in the systematic process of troubleshooting, and why is it important?

✅ Answer: The first step in troubleshooting is identifying the problem. This is important because without knowing what is wrong, it is impossible to fix the issue.

🔹 Example: If a computer is not turning on, we first check whether the power cable is connected properly before moving to complex solutions.

Keywords: troubleshooting, identifying problems, first step

2. After identifying a problem, what is the next step in troubleshooting, and how does it help in resolving the issue?

✅ Answer: After identifying a problem, the next step is to establish a theory of probable cause. This means guessing possible reasons why the issue is happening.

🔹 Example: If a computer is overheating, the possible cause could be dust blocking the cooling fan.

🔹 How it helps: It narrows down possible solutions, making troubleshooting faster and more effective.

Keywords: problem identification, troubleshooting process, probable cause

3. Describe the importance of testing a theory during the troubleshooting process. Provide an example.

✅ Answer: Testing a theory means checking if the guessed cause of the problem is correct before applying a solution. It helps in avoiding unnecessary changes and ensures the real problem is fixed.

🔹 Example: If a phone is not charging, we test different chargers to see if the problem is with the charger or the phone’s charging port.

Keywords: testing theories, troubleshooting, verifying causes

4. Explain what the “Implement the Solution” step entails in troubleshooting.

✅ Answer: The “Implement the Solution” step means applying the fix that was chosen to solve the problem.

🔹 Example: If a printer is not working and the issue is identified as an empty ink cartridge, the solution would be to replace the cartridge.

🔹 Why it’s important: This step actually resolves the problem and restores system functionality.

Keywords: implement solution, troubleshooting, fixing problems

5. Why is it necessary to verify full system functionality after implementing a solution?

✅ Answer: After fixing a problem, it is important to check if the entire system is working properly to ensure that the issue is completely resolved and nothing else is affected.

🔹 Example: If a computer had a virus and we removed it, we must check if all files and programs are still working correctly.

🔹 Why it’s important:

It confirms that the solution worked.
It prevents new issues from appearing.
It ensures the system is fully operational.

Keywords: verify functionality, troubleshooting, system check, problem-solving

Long Question Answers (Easy & Well-Explained)

1. Discuss the importance of troubleshooting in maintaining the smooth operation of systems, especially computing systems.

✅ Answer:
Troubleshooting is an essential process in fixing problems in computers and other systems. It helps maintain smooth operations by identifying and resolving issues before they cause major failures.

🔹 Why Troubleshooting is Important:

Prevents System Failures – Regular troubleshooting detects small issues before they turn into big problems.
Saves Time & Money – Fixing problems early reduces repair costs and prevents work delays.
Ensures Security – Identifying security threats protects important data.
Improves Performance – Fixing software bugs and errors makes the system run faster.

🔹 Example: If a laptop is slow, troubleshooting can help find out if the problem is low storage, overheating, or a virus.

Keywords: troubleshooting, system maintenance, performance, security, efficiency

2. Explain the systematic process of troubleshooting. Describe each step in detail.

✅ Answer:
The troubleshooting process involves logical steps to find and fix problems.

🔹 Steps of Troubleshooting:

Identify the Problem – Observe symptoms and ask questions to understand the issue.
Establish a Theory of Probable Cause – Guess the possible reasons for the problem.
Test the Theory – Check if the guessed cause is correct by performing tests.
Establish a Plan of Action – Decide on steps to fix the issue.
Implement the Solution – Apply the fix to solve the problem.
Verify Full System Functionality – Check if everything is working properly.
Document Findings, Actions, and Outcomes – Write down what was done to fix the issue for future reference.

🔹 Example: If Wi-Fi is not working, the steps would be:

Check if the router is on (Identify Problem)
Check if cables are loose (Establish Theory)
Test with another device (Test Theory)
Restart router (Plan of Action)
Restart and check if Wi-Fi works (Implement Solution)
Test speed on different devices (Verify Functionality)
Note the steps for future reference (Document Findings)

Keywords: troubleshooting process, problem-solving, fixing issues, Wi-Fi, computing

3. Case Study: Troubleshooting a Printer That is Not Printing

✅ Answer:
🔹 Step 1: Identify the Problem

The printer is not printing documents.

🔹 Step 2: Establish a Theory of Probable Cause

Possible reasons:
1. Printer is not connected to the computer.
2. Printer is out of ink or paper.
3. Printer drivers are not installed.

🔹 Step 3: Test the Theory

Check if the printer is turned on and properly connected.
Print a test page.
Open printer settings to check for errors.

🔹 Step 4: Establish a Plan of Action

If the printer is not connected, reconnect it.
If it is out of ink/paper, refill it.
If drivers are missing, install them.

🔹 Step 5: Implement the Solution

Apply the selected fix.

🔹 Step 6: Verify Full Functionality

Print a sample document to check if the issue is resolved.

🔹 Step 7: Document the Findings

Note down the problem and solution for future reference.

Keywords: printer troubleshooting, connectivity issues, drivers, printing errors

4. Importance of Documenting Findings, Actions, and Outcomes in Troubleshooting

✅ Answer:
Documentation means writing down the steps taken during troubleshooting.

🔹 Why It’s Important:

Helps in Future Fixes – If the same issue happens again, you can refer to past solutions.
Saves Time – No need to start from scratch when the problem occurs again.
Useful for Others – Other people can use the documentation to solve similar issues.
Creates a Record – Helps in tracking system performance.

🔹 Example:
If a school computer stops working, and the technician documents the fix, next time another teacher can follow the same steps.

Keywords: documentation, troubleshooting records, system maintenance, time-saving

5. How Troubleshooting Prevents Downtime, Ensures Data Integrity & Improves Security

✅ Answer:
Troubleshooting is essential in computing to keep systems efficient, safe, and functional.

🔹 How Troubleshooting Helps:

Prevents Downtime – Fixing errors quickly keeps businesses, schools, and offices running smoothly.
Ensures Data Integrity – Identifies and fixes data corruption issues.
Improves Security – Detects and removes malware, viruses, and cyber threats.

🔹 Example: If a bank’s server crashes, troubleshooting helps restore services quickly to avoid customer issues.

Keywords: troubleshooting, downtime prevention, data protection, cybersecurity

6. Software Troubleshooting Strategies

✅ Answer:
🔹 Common Software Issues & Fixes:

Application Freezing: Restart the app or update the software.
Unresponsive Peripherals: Reconnect devices, check drivers, or restart the system.

🔹 Example: If Microsoft Word is not responding, restarting it or reinstalling the software can fix the problem.

Keywords: software troubleshooting, app freezing, device issues

7. Recognizing Hardware Failures (RAM & Hard Drive Issues)

✅ Answer:
🔹 Signs of RAM Failure:

Computer crashes frequently.
Blue screen errors.

🔹 Signs of Hard Drive Failure:

Files disappearing or getting corrupted.
Computer taking too long to boot.

🔹 Fixes:

For RAM Issues: Replace faulty RAM.
For Hard Drive Issues: Backup data and replace the hard drive.

Keywords: RAM failure, hard drive issues, hardware troubleshooting

8. Importance of Software Maintenance & Security

✅ Answer:
Regular software maintenance helps fix bugs, improve performance, and protect against security threats.

🔹 Security Measures:

Keep software updated to fix vulnerabilities.
Use antivirus software to protect against malware.
Avoid downloading from untrusted sources.

Keywords: software updates, cybersecurity, maintenance

9. Identifying & Removing Malware + Applying OS Updates

✅ Answer:
🔹 Identifying Malware:

Slow performance, pop-ups, unknown apps.

🔹 Removing Malware:

Use antivirus software to scan and remove threats.

🔹 Applying OS Updates:

Updates fix security holes and improve performance.

Keywords: malware removal, OS updates, antivirus

10. Data Backup Methods

✅ Answer:
🔹 Backup Options:

External Storage: USB, external hard drives.
Cloud Storage: Google Drive, OneDrive.

🔹 Why Backup is Important:

Protects against data loss.
Ensures recovery in case of hardware failure.

Keywords: data backup, cloud storage, external drives

Binary System Chapter 2 Solved Exercise (Computer New Syllabus)

February 10, 2025 by samreen

MCQs with Answer and Explanation

1. What does ASCII stand for?

A. American Standard Code for Information Interchange
B. Advanced Standard Coder for Information Interchange
C. American Standard Communication for Information Interchange
D. Advanced Standard Communication for Information Interchange

✅ Answer: A. American Standard Code for Information Interchange

Explanation: ASCII is a standard encoding system used to represent text in computers and communication systems. It assigns a unique numerical value to each character.

Tip: ASCII is mainly used for text encoding in English-based systems.

2. Which of the following numbers is a valid binary number?

A. 1101102
B. 11011
C. 110.11
D. 110A

✅ Answer: B. 11011

Explanation: A binary number consists only of the digits 0 and 1. Options A and D contain invalid digits (2 and A), while C has a decimal point, making it a floating-point representation.

Tip: Valid binary numbers contain only 0s and 1s.

3. How many bits are used in standard ASCII encoding?

A. 7 bits
B. 8 bits
C. 16 bits
D. 32 bits

✅ Answer: A. 7 bits

Explanation: Standard ASCII uses 7 bits, allowing for 128 different characters (2⁷ = 128). Extended ASCII uses 8 bits to store 256 characters.

Tip: Standard ASCII → 7 bits, Extended ASCII → 8 bits.

4. Which of the following is an advantage of Unicode over ASCII?

A. It uses fewer bits per character
B. It can represent characters from many different languages
C. It is backward compatible with binary
D. It is specific to the English language

✅ Answer: B. It can represent characters from many different languages

Explanation: Unicode is designed to support multiple languages and scripts, whereas ASCII is limited to English characters. Unicode can store over 1 million characters.

Tip: Unicode is used globally for multi-language support.

5. How many bytes are used to store a typical integer?

A. 1 Byte
B. 2 Bytes
C. 4 Bytes
D. 8 Bytes

✅ Answer: C. 4 Bytes

Explanation: In most programming languages and systems, a standard integer (int) requires 4 bytes (32 bits). However, this can vary based on the system architecture.

Tip:

Short int → 2 bytes
int → 4 bytes
Long int → 8 bytes

6. What is the primary difference between signed and unsigned integers?

A. Unsigned integers cannot be negative
B. Signed integers have a larger range
C. Signed integers are only used for positive numbers
D. Signed integers are slower to process

✅ Answer: A. Unsigned integers cannot be negative

Explanation:

Signed integers store both positive and negative values.
Unsigned integers only store positive values (including zero).

Tip: Use unsigned integers when negative values are not needed to maximize range.

7. In the IEEE standard, how many bits are used for floating point precision?

A. 2 bits
B. 8 bits
C. 11 bits
D. 52 bits

✅ Answer: B. 8 bits

Explanation: The IEEE 754 standard for single-precision floating-point numbers allocates 8 bits for the exponent, 23 bits for the mantissa, and 1 bit for the sign.

Tip:

Single precision → 32 bits (8-bit exponent)
Double precision → 64 bits (11-bit exponent)

8. What is the approximate range of values for single-precision floating-point numbers?

A. 1.4 × 10⁻⁴⁵ to 3.4 × 10³⁸
B. 4.9 × 10⁻³²⁴ to 1.8 × 10³⁰⁸
C. 1.4 × 10⁻¹⁰ to 1.8 × 10¹⁵
D. 0 to 1.8 × 10³⁸

✅ Answer: A. 1.4 × 10⁻⁴⁵ to 3.4 × 10³⁸

Explanation: In IEEE 754 single-precision, the exponent range allows representation from approximately 1.4 × 10⁻⁴⁵ (smallest positive number) to 3.4 × 10³⁸ (largest number).

Tip:

Single precision → 32-bit floating point
Double precision → 64-bit floating point

9. What are the tiny dots that make up an image displayed on a screen?

A. Pixels
B. Bits
C. Bytes
D. Nodes

✅ Answer: A. Pixels

Explanation: A pixel (short for “picture element”) is the smallest unit of a digital image. Each pixel has RGB values to define its color.

Tip: More pixels = higher image resolution.

10. In an RGB color model, what does RGB stand for?

A. Red, Green, Blue
B. Red, Gray, Black
C. Right, Green, Blue
D. Red, Green, Brown

✅ Answer: A. Red, Green, Blue

Explanation: The RGB model is used in digital displays, where Red, Green, and Blue light combine at different intensities to create colors.

Tip: RGB is used for screens, while CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black) is used for printing.

Summary of Key Takeaways:

ASCII is a 7-bit character encoding system.
Binary numbers contain only 0s and 1s.
Unicode supports multiple languages.
Standard integer size is 4 bytes.
Unsigned integers cannot be negative.
IEEE floating-point precision follows the IEEE 754 standard.
Pixels are the smallest units of an image.
RGB model is used for display screens.

Short Questions

1. What is the primary purpose of the ASCII encoding scheme?

✅ Answer: ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is used to represent text in computers by assigning unique numeric values to characters.

🔑 Key Words: Character encoding, text representation, numeric values, computers.

2. Explain the difference between ASCII and Unicode.

✅ Answer: ASCII uses 7 or 8 bits to represent English characters, while Unicode supports multiple languages by using 16, 32, or more bits per character.

🔑 Key Words: ASCII, Unicode, character encoding, multi-language support, bit size.

3. How does Unicode handle characters from different languages?

✅ Answer: Unicode assigns a unique code point to each character, enabling representation of text in multiple languages and symbols.

🔑 Key Words: Unicode, code points, multilingual, character representation.

4. What is the range of values for an unsigned 2-byte integer?

✅ Answer: An unsigned 2-byte integer (16 bits) ranges from 0 to 65,535 (2¹⁶ – 1).

🔑 Key Words: Unsigned integer, 2-byte, 16-bit, range, binary representation.

5. Explain how a negative integer is represented in binary.

✅ Answer: Negative integers are represented using two’s complement notation, where the most significant bit (MSB) acts as the sign bit.

🔑 Key Words: Negative integers, two’s complement, sign bit, binary representation.

6. What is the benefit of using unsigned integers?

✅ Answer: Unsigned integers provide a larger range of positive values since they do not reserve a bit for the sign.

🔑 Key Words: Unsigned, positive values, extended range, no sign bit.

7. How does the number of bits affect the range of integer values?

✅ Answer: More bits allow for a larger range of integers, while fewer bits limit the range and can cause overflow.

🔑 Key Words: Bits, integer range, overflow, binary representation.

8. Why are whole numbers commonly used in computing for quantities that cannot be negative?

✅ Answer: Whole numbers (unsigned integers) are used for values that cannot be negative, such as memory addresses, pixel counts, and file sizes, to maximize range and efficiency.

🔑 Key Words: Whole numbers, unsigned, non-negative, memory addresses, efficiency.

9. How is the range of floating-point numbers calculated for single precision?

✅ Answer: The range of IEEE 754 single-precision floating-point numbers is determined by the 8-bit exponent and 23-bit mantissa, allowing values from ±1.4 × 10⁻⁴⁵ to ±3.4 × 10³⁸.

🔑 Key Words: Floating-point, single precision, IEEE 754, exponent, mantissa.

10. Why is it important to understand the limitations of floating-point representation in scientific computing?

✅ Answer: Floating-point representation introduces rounding errors and precision loss, which can impact accuracy in scientific and engineering calculations.

🔑 Key Words: Floating-point, precision loss, rounding errors, scientific computing, accuracy.

Long Questions

1. Explain how characters are encoded using Unicode. Provide examples of characters from different languages and their corresponding Unicode code points.

✅ Answer:
Unicode is a system used to represent characters from almost all the languages of the world. Each character is assigned a unique code point (a unique number) that allows computers to understand and display text correctly.

Examples of Unicode Characters:

English Letter ‘A’ → Unicode: U+0041
Arabic Letter ‘ب’ (Baa) → Unicode: U+0628
Chinese Character ‘你’ (You) → Unicode: U+4F60
Hindi Letter ‘अ’ (A) → Unicode: U+0905

🔹 Why is Unicode important?

It allows different languages to be displayed on computers.
It prevents errors when sending text in different languages.

2. Describe in detail how integers are stored in computer memory.

✅ Answer:
Computers store integers in binary format (0s and 1s). The number of bits (8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, etc.) determines how large a number can be stored.

🔹 Types of Integer Storage:

Unsigned Integers → Can only store positive numbers (e.g., 0 to 255 in 8-bit storage).
Signed Integers → Can store both positive and negative numbers using two’s complement notation.

🔹 Example:

A 4-bit unsigned integer can store values from 0000 (0) to 1111 (15).
A 4-bit signed integer (two’s complement) can store values from -8 to 7.

3. Explain the process of converting a decimal integer to its binary representation and vice versa. Include examples of both positive and negative integers.

✅ Answer:

Converting Decimal to Binary (Positive Number):

🔹 Example: Convert 13 to binary.

Divide by 2 and record the remainder:
- 13 ÷ 2 = 6, remainder = 1
- 6 ÷ 2 = 3, remainder = 0
- 3 ÷ 2 = 1, remainder = 1
- 1 ÷ 2 = 0, remainder = 1
Read the remainders from bottom to top → 1101₂

🔹 Example: Convert -13 to binary using two’s complement (8-bit representation):

Convert 13 to binary → 00001101
Take two’s complement (invert bits and add 1):
- Invert: 11110010
- Add 1: 11110011
So, -13 in binary = 11110011₂

🔹 Binary to Decimal Example:
Convert 1011₂ to decimal:
(1 × 2³) + (0 × 2²) + (1 × 2¹) + (1 × 2⁰) = 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 11

4. Perform the following binary arithmetic operations:

a) Multiplication of 101₂ by 11₂

✅ Answer: Convert to decimal:

101₂ = 5
11₂ = 3
5 × 3 = 15

Now multiply in binary:

     101
   ×  11
  --------
     101     (101 × 1)
+ 1010      (101 × 1, shift left)
  --------
   1111₂

✅ Final Answer: 1111₂ (15 in decimal)

b) Division of 1100₂ by 10₂

✅ Answer: Convert to decimal:

1100₂ = 12
10₂ = 2
12 ÷ 2 = 6

Now divide in binary:

  1100 ÷ 10  
= 0110₂ (6 in decimal)

✅ Final Answer: 0110₂ (6 in decimal)

5. Add the following binary numbers:

a) 101₂ + 110₂

    101
  + 110
  ------
   1011₂

✅ Final Answer: 1011₂ (11 in decimal)

b) 1100₂ + 1011₂

    1100
  + 1011
  ------
   10111₂

✅ Final Answer: 10111₂ (23 in decimal)

6. Convert the following numbers to 4-bit binary and add them:

a) 7 + (-4)

Convert to 4-bit binary:

7 → 0111₂
-4 (Two’s complement) → 1100₂

    0111
  + 1100
  ------
   0011₂

✅ Final Answer: 0011₂ (3 in decimal)

b) -5 + 3

Convert to 4-bit binary:

-5 (Two’s complement) → 1011₂
3 → 0011₂

    1011
  + 0011
  ------
   1110₂

✅ Final Answer: 1110₂ (-2 in decimal)

7. Solve the following binary operations:

a) 1101₂ – 0100₂

  1101
- 0100
------
  1001₂

✅ Final Answer: 1001₂ (9 in decimal)

b) 1010₂ – 0011₂

  1010
- 0011
------
  0111₂

✅ Final Answer: 0111₂ (7 in decimal)

c) 1000₂ – 0110₂

  1000
- 0110
------
  0010₂

✅ Final Answer: 0010₂ (2 in decimal)

d) 1110₂ – 100₂

  1110
- 0100
------
  1010₂

✅ Final Answer: 1010₂ (10 in decimal)

Summary:

Binary arithmetic follows simple addition/subtraction rules like decimal numbers.
Two’s complement is used for negative numbers.
Multiplication and division in binary work similarly to decimal operations.